What is a steep gradient for hiking?

A gradient of 10-15% is moderate and manageable for most hikers. Above 20% is considered steep and will significantly slow your pace. Above 30% (about 17 degrees) you may need to use your hands on rough ground. Most UK mountain paths are designed to stay below 25% gradient.

How do I measure gradient on a map?

Count the number of contour lines crossed between two points and multiply by the contour interval (usually 10m on OS 1:25,000 maps) to get the rise. Measure the horizontal distance between the same points. Gradient = (Rise / Horizontal distance) x 100.

What is the difference between gradient and slope angle?

Gradient (percentage) is the rise divided by the horizontal run, multiplied by 100. Slope angle (degrees) is the actual angle from horizontal measured with trigonometry. A 100% gradient equals 45 degrees. They are not directly proportional — a 50% gradient is about 26.6 degrees, not 22.5 degrees.

How does gradient affect walking speed?

Naismith's Rule accounts for gradient by adding 1 minute per 10m of ascent. On very steep ground (over 20%), walking speed can drop to 1-2km/h. Descending steep ground is often slower than ascending it due to the need for careful foot placement.

CampCalcs

Gradient Calculator

Calculate trail gradient as a percentage, angle in degrees and ratio from elevation and distance.

Elevation Change (Rise)

Vertical height gained or lost

Horizontal Distance

Flat map distance

How We Calculate This

Gradient Formulas

Percentage = (Rise / Horizontal distance) x 100

Angle (degrees) = arctan(Rise / Horizontal distance) x (180/pi)

Slope distance = sqrt(Rise² + Horizontal distance²)

Ratio = 1 : (Horizontal distance / Rise)

Frequently Asked Questions

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Last updated: February 2026

All calculations are estimates. Always verify conditions and use proper safety equipment outdoors.