Walking Speed & Time Estimates
Accurate time estimates are essential for safe navigation, especially in the UK hills where daylight is limited and weather can change quickly. Naismith's Rule, devised by Scottish mountaineer William Naismith in 1892, remains the standard method for estimating walking times. This guide explains the rule and provides realistic speed estimates for different terrain and conditions.
Naismith's Rule
The Rule:
Allow 5 km per hour on the flat, plus 1 minute for every 10 metres of ascent. This equates to roughly 12 minutes per kilometre on flat ground, plus 1 minute per 10 m climbed.
Tranter's corrections (1964) adjust Naismith's Rule for fitness level. A very fit walker may complete a Naismith time in 60% of the estimate; an average walker in 80–100%; and a less fit walker in 120–150%. For rough or boggy terrain, add a further 20–50% to the time.
Typical Walking Speeds by Terrain
| Terrain | Speed (km/h) | Speed (mph) | Min per km | Min per mile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flat paved path | 5.0–6.0 | 3.1–3.7 | 10–12 | 16–19 |
| Flat gravel / farm track | 4.5–5.5 | 2.8–3.4 | 11–13 | 18–21 |
| Undulating footpath | 3.5–4.5 | 2.2–2.8 | 13–17 | 21–27 |
| Moderate uphill (10–20% grade) | 2.5–3.5 | 1.6–2.2 | 17–24 | 27–38 |
| Steep uphill (20–30% grade) | 1.5–2.5 | 0.9–1.6 | 24–40 | 38–64 |
| Very steep / scrambling | 0.5–1.5 | 0.3–0.9 | 40–120 | 64–193 |
| Rough moorland / heather | 2.0–3.5 | 1.2–2.2 | 17–30 | 27–48 |
| Deep bog / peat hags | 1.0–2.0 | 0.6–1.2 | 30–60 | 48–97 |
| Snow (packed / firm) | 2.0–3.0 | 1.2–1.9 | 20–30 | 32–48 |
Effect of Pack Weight on Speed
| Pack Weight | Speed Reduction | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 0–5 kg (day pack) | None | Negligible effect on pace |
| 5–10 kg (light overnight) | 5–10% | Slight reduction, manageable for most walkers |
| 10–15 kg (standard backpacking) | 10–20% | Noticeable on uphills, more rest stops needed |
| 15–20 kg (heavy pack) | 20–30% | Significant impact, especially on rough terrain |
| 20+ kg (expedition) | 30–50% | Major reduction; plan for shorter days |
Calculate Your Walking Time
For a precise estimate based on your route, use our walking time calculator:
- Walking Time Calculator — enter distance, ascent, and terrain type to get an accurate time estimate using Naismith's Rule
All speeds assume a reasonably fit adult walker in good conditions. Wind, rain, poor visibility, navigational difficulty, and group size can all significantly slow your pace. Always build in a margin of error and have a contingency plan.